{"id":25719,"date":"2026-07-14T07:44:31","date_gmt":"2026-07-14T10:44:31","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/santaclaradmlab.com.br\/site\/?p=25719"},"modified":"2026-07-14T07:44:34","modified_gmt":"2026-07-14T10:44:34","slug":"doc-innborgun-reidufjarlaus-vulkan-spiele-hugtakid-wikipedia","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/santaclaradmlab.com.br\/site\/2026\/07\/14\/doc-innborgun-reidufjarlaus-vulkan-spiele-hugtakid-wikipedia\/","title":{"rendered":"Doc innborgun rei\u00f0ufj\u00e1rlaus vulkan spiele hugtaki\u00f0 Wikipedia"},"content":{"rendered":"<div class=\"toc\" style=\"background: #f9f9f9;border: 1px solid #aaa;display: table;margin-bottom: 1em;padding: 1em;width: 350px;\">\n<p style=\"font-weight: 700;text-align: center;\">Blogg<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"#worldwide-usage\">Al\u00fej\u00f3\u00f0legt fyrirt\u00e6ki<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#usage-by-medical-practitioners-in-the-uk-and-culturally-related-countries\">Innlima fr\u00e1 v\u00edsindalegum me\u00f0fer\u00f0ara\u00f0ilum \u00ed Bretlandi og menningarlega vi\u00f0eigandi st\u00f6\u00f0um<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#usage-by-medical-practitioners-in-the-uk-and-culturally-related-countries-1\">Nota\u00f0 af l\u00e6knum \u00ed Bretlandi og \u00fe\u00fa munt komast \u00ed menningarlega vi\u00f0eigandi l\u00f6nd<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#worldwide-usage-1\">Um allan heim fella inn<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<p>Augnl\u00e6knar geta fengi\u00f0 doktorsgr\u00e1\u00f0ur e\u00f0a doktorsgr\u00e1\u00f0ur utan sj\u00f3nfr\u00e6\u00f0i (\u00ed Bretlandi er doktorsgr\u00e1\u00f0ur nau\u00f0synlegt til a\u00f0 hafa vi\u00f0urkennda sj\u00f3nl\u00e6kna me\u00f0 reynslu af hef\u00f0bundinni l\u00e6knisfr\u00e6\u00f0i). \u00de\u00f3 ekki, \u00fe\u00e1 heldur Debrett&#39;s \u00e1fram a\u00f0 m\u00e6la me\u00f0 \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 tannl\u00e6knar s\u00e9u yfirleitt kalla\u00f0ir l\u00e6knar sem hafa n\u00fdja nafni\u00f0 \u201el\u00e6knir\u201c og a\u00f0eins \u00feeir sem hafa fram\u00farskarandi doktorsgr\u00e1\u00f0u. <!--more--> Eins og me\u00f0 l\u00e6knisfr\u00e6\u00f0ilega MBBS gr\u00e1\u00f0u, eru tannl\u00e6knar me\u00f0 g\u00f3\u00f0an BS gr\u00e1\u00f0u \u00ed tannl\u00e6kningum (BDS) og d\u00fdral\u00e6knar me\u00f0 g\u00f3\u00f0an BS gr\u00e1\u00f0u \u00ed d\u00fdral\u00e6kningum (BVSc), BS gr\u00e1\u00f0u \u00ed d\u00fdral\u00e6kningum (BVetMed) e\u00f0a BS gr\u00e1\u00f0u \u00ed d\u00fdral\u00e6kningum og a\u00f0ger\u00f0um (BVMS) talinn vera \u00ed bo\u00f0i. \u00c1ri\u00f0 2005 ba\u00f0 n\u00fdkj\u00f6rinn forma\u00f0ur Regal h\u00e1sk\u00f3lans \u00ed l\u00e6knisfr\u00e6\u00f0i skur\u00f0l\u00e6kna um a\u00f0 a\u00f0sto\u00f0a vi\u00f0 a\u00f0 nota nafni\u00f0 utan Dr og sag\u00f0i a\u00f0 notkun \u00e1 Mr e\u00f0a Skip v\u00e6ri ruglingsleg fyrir sj\u00faklinga. Fyrirsagnir og \u00e1varpsform g\u00f3\u00f0s &amp; C Black lita\u00f0s v\u00edkur fr\u00e1 hugmynd Debretts um hvernig eigi a\u00f0 mi\u00f0a umsl\u00f6g fyrir l\u00e6kna og sleppir n\u00fdju fornafninu fr\u00e1 Dr (t.d. John Smith, Esq, MD; John Smith, MD; John Smith, MB) nema \u00ed Skotlandi og almennum l\u00e6knum, \u00fear sem forn\u00f6fn eru venjulega \u00fatiloku\u00f0 (t.d. Dr. John Smith).<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Tannl\u00e6knar hafa hef\u00f0bundi\u00f0 veri\u00f0 taldir l\u00e6knar (\u00fe\u00f3 tannl\u00e6knar) en \u00e1ri\u00f0 1995 hefur almenna tannl\u00e6knar\u00e1\u00f0i\u00f0 gert tannl\u00e6knum kleift a\u00f0 nota nafni\u00f0 \u201el\u00e6knir\u201c, hvort sem sumir vilja \u00fea\u00f0 ekki e\u00f0a ekki, sem hefur \u00e1hrif \u00e1 st\u00f6\u00f0u skur\u00f0l\u00e6knisins.<\/li>\n<li>Hann g\u00e6ti veri\u00f0 veittur vegna sk\u00f3lans me\u00f0 tilliti til n\u00fdjasta konungsins, og eigin gr\u00e1\u00f0a hans hefur gildi fr\u00e1 almennu skjali.<\/li>\n<li>A\u00f0 \u00f6\u00f0last doktorsgr\u00e1\u00f0u felur \u00ed s\u00e9r fl\u00f3kna menntun eftir gr\u00e1\u00f0u nemandans, a\u00f0 skrifa lokaritger\u00f0, \u00ed dag er tilhneiging til a\u00f0 skrifa lokaritger\u00f0 eftir b\u00f3k og \u00fe\u00fa munt opinberlega vernda n\u00fdju lokaritger\u00f0ina.<\/li>\n<li>A\u00f0 hafa doktorsgr\u00e1\u00f0u hefur veri\u00f0 grundvallar\u00fe\u00f6rf fyrir gott h\u00e1sk\u00f3lasamf\u00e9lag.<\/li>\n<li>Til a\u00f0 kennarar me\u00f0 doktorsgr\u00e1\u00f0ur fr\u00e1 l\u00e1g-evr\u00f3pskum a\u00f0ildarr\u00edkjum f\u00e1i a\u00f0ild a\u00f0 n\u00fdju pr\u00f3fgr\u00e1\u00f0unni, samkv\u00e6mt uppl\u00fdsingum fr\u00e1 sambandsr\u00e1\u00f0uneytinu \u00ed Bonn.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u00dea\u00f0 er kunnugleg heg\u00f0un a\u00f0 eiga maka kvenkyns l\u00e6kna svo \u00fe\u00fa getir nota\u00f0 nafni\u00f0 \u201eDr (fr\u00fa)\u201c \u00ed b\u00e6\u00f0i fyrsta flokks og pers\u00f3nulegri f\u00e6rni. \u00c1 19. \u00f6ld ur\u00f0u doktorar s\u00edfellt vins\u00e6lli \u00ed Bretlandi, hvort sem \u00fea\u00f0 \u00feurfti a\u00f0 fara til meginlands Evr\u00f3pu e\u00f0a (fr\u00e1 1861) til Bandar\u00edkjanna, en n\u00e1minu var ekki veitt \u00ed Bretlandi fyrr en 1917. Vegna \u00feessa nota handhafar hei\u00f0ursdoktorsnafnb\u00f3ta ekki n\u00fdja nafni\u00f0 \u201eDr\u201c \u00ed br\u00e9faskriftum, \u00fe\u00f3 a\u00f0 \u00ed vi\u00f0urkenndum br\u00e9fum um h\u00e1sk\u00f3lann sem veitir n\u00fdju hei\u00f0ursnafnb\u00f3tina s\u00e9 algengt a\u00f0 tilgreina n\u00fdjan einstakling me\u00f0 \u00f6nn. \u00d3formlega er n\u00fdja nafni\u00f0, b\u00e6\u00f0i \u00ed fullu og styttri stafsetningu (\u00fe.e. Elizabeth \u201edr.\u201c), nota\u00f0 hei\u00f0ursnafn til a\u00f0 tilgreina heilbrig\u00f0isstarfsmenn \u00ed vi\u00f0urkenndari umhverfi eins og \u00ed lektorsfr\u00e9ttum, \u00fe\u00f3 a\u00f0 \u00fea\u00f0 s\u00e9 ekki opinberlega \u00e6tla\u00f0 n\u00fd\u00fatskrifu\u00f0um h\u00e1sk\u00f3lastigum. \u00dea\u00f0 eru l\u00edka \u00farskur\u00f0ir, eins og augl\u00fdsing um a\u00f0 r\u00e1\u00f0a \u00e1hugasaman beinl\u00e6kni sem l\u00fdsti \u00fe\u00e9r sem l\u00e6kni, en \u00feetta er \u00ed raun augl\u00fdsing sem notar n\u00fdja hugtaki\u00f0 \u201eDr\u201c og einnig nafnor\u00f0in \u201ePhD\u201c sem doktorsgr\u00e1\u00f0u fr\u00e1 \u00e1hugas\u00f6mum, \u00f3vi\u00f0urkenndum h\u00e1sk\u00f3la. Tannl\u00e6knar hafa lengi veri\u00f0 kalla\u00f0ir l\u00e6knar, en fr\u00e1 1995 hefur Tannl\u00e6knar\u00e1\u00f0i\u00f0 leyft tannl\u00e6knum a\u00f0 nota heiti\u00f0 \u201el\u00e6knir\u201c, jafnvel \u00fe\u00f3tt sumir vilji ekki gera \u00fea\u00f0, og \u00fear me\u00f0 undirstrika\u00f0 st\u00f6\u00f0u \u00feess sem l\u00e6knir.<\/p>\n<h2>Strax eftir g\u00f3\u00f0a doktorspr\u00f3f er n\u00fdjasta doctorandus marka\u00f0ssett fyrir doc, \u00e1n \u00feess a\u00f0 nota lengri skammst\u00f6funina drs | innborgun rei\u00f0ufj\u00e1rlaus vulkan spiele<\/h2>\n<p>Ruglingur g\u00e6ti stafa\u00f0 af upprunalegu hollenska meistaraheitinu &quot;drs.&quot; (fyrir \u00fe\u00e1 sem eru me\u00f0 l\u00e1ga verkfr\u00e6\u00f0imenntun og \u00fe\u00e1 sem ekki eru \u00ed l\u00f6gfr\u00e6\u00f0i). \u00deessi notkun l\u00f6gfr\u00e6\u00f0inga stafar af n\u00fdju h\u00e6fnisn\u00e1minu sem l\u00f6gfr\u00e6\u00f0ingar fengu sem n\u00fdja LLD-umb\u00f3takerfi\u00f0 fram til breytinga \u00e1ri\u00f0 2014 og hefur veri\u00f0 kalla\u00f0 &quot;s\u00f6gulegt farangur&quot; af deildarforseta H\u00e1sk\u00f3lans \u00e1 M\u00f6ltu.<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.bestcasinosites.net\/images\/casinoredkings-eye-of-horus-big.jpg\" alt=\"innborgun rei\u00f0ufj\u00e1rlaus vulkan spiele\" align=\"right\" border=\"1\" style=\"padding: 10px;\"><\/p>\n<p>Bl\u00e1i krossinn og \u00fe\u00fa g\u00e6tir haft \u00e1huga \u00e1 Bl\u00e1a skj\u00f6ldnum (BCBS) og f\u00f3lk sem b\u00fdr \u00ed Bl\u00e1a skj\u00f6ldnum leitar einnig a\u00f0 l\u00e6knisfr\u00e6\u00f0ingum, l\u00e6knisstofnunum og tannl\u00e6knum.<\/p>\n<p>\u00cd Hong Kong eru nota\u00f0ar breskar venjur \u00ed a\u00f0 hafa samband vi\u00f0 l\u00e6kna sem heita \u201edoktor\u201c, \u00fe\u00f3 a\u00f0 \u00feeir hafi a\u00f0eins gr\u00e1\u00f0u fr\u00e1 lyfjafr\u00e6\u00f0i og einnig fr\u00e1 starfsgreinum (MBBS e\u00f0a MBChB). N\u00fdja skammst\u00f6funin \u201eDrs.\u201c getur einnig veri\u00f0 nota\u00f0 sem doctorandus, hollenskt fr\u00e6\u00f0iheiti sem hefur veri\u00f0 skipt \u00fat fyrir \u201eeiganda\u201c-heiti\u00f0 me\u00f0 tilkomu \u201eeiganda\u201c-kerfisins. \u00cd flestum n\u00fdjasta fr\u00e6\u00f0asamf\u00e9laginu l\u00fdsir or\u00f0i\u00f0 \u201eDoc\u201c \u00feeim sem hafa loki\u00f0 doktorsn\u00e1mi (h\u00e1menntun) vi\u00f0 h\u00e1sk\u00f3la. \u00deeir sem hafa loki\u00f0 doktorsn\u00e1mi notu\u00f0u n\u00fdja heiti\u00f0 b\u00e6\u00f0i faglega og f\u00e9lagslega. N\u00fdja heiti\u00f0 er einnig nota\u00f0 yfir l\u00f6gfr\u00e6\u00f0inga \u00ed Su\u00f0ur-Amer\u00edku, \u00fear sem \u00feeir hafa yfirleitt loki\u00f0 doktorsn\u00e1mi, og \u00ed fyrri port\u00fag\u00f6lskum h\u00e9ru\u00f0um fr\u00e1 Goa \u00e1 Indlandi og Maka\u00f3 \u00ed As\u00edu.<\/p>\n<h2>\u00c1\u00f0ur en opinbera doktorsgr\u00e1\u00f0an kom til s\u00f6gunnar kom n\u00fdja n\u00fat\u00edma doktorsgr\u00e1\u00f0an (PhD), sem m\u00e1 f\u00e6ra r\u00f6k fyrir, fram \u00ed Leipzig sem g\u00f3\u00f0ur sta\u00f0gengill fyrir menntun meistarans \u00e1ri\u00f0 1652 (Dr.<\/h2>\n<p>\u201eLaurea\u201c-handhafar f\u00e1 n\u00fdjasta nafni\u00f0 \u00e1 doc (dottore\/dottoressa), \u201elaurea magistrale\u201c-handhafar f\u00e1 n\u00fdja nafni\u00f0 magistral doctor (dottore magistrale\/dottoressa magistrale) og doktorsnemar hafa einnig veri\u00f0 kalla\u00f0ir leitarl\u00e6knar (dottore di ricerca\/dottoressa di ricerca). Af s\u00f6gulegum \u00e1st\u00e6\u00f0um er n\u00fdja nafni\u00f0 doc veitt \u00f6llum h\u00e1sk\u00f3lakennurum. Fyrsti h\u00e1sk\u00f3linn \u00ed vestr\u00e6nni menningu, n\u00fdi h\u00e1sk\u00f3linn utan Bologna, er \u00e1 \u00cdtal\u00edu, \u00fear sem fram a\u00f0 s\u00ed\u00f0ustu \u00e1rum var eina n\u00e1m sem veitt var n\u00fddoktorsn\u00e1m, og flestir a\u00f0rir \u00edtalskir h\u00e1sk\u00f3lar t\u00f3ku \u00feig til greina. \u00dea\u00f0 er \u00f3l\u00edkt Arzt, \u00fev\u00ed fram\u00farskarandi doktorsn\u00e1m er ekki h\u00e1\u00f0 l\u00e6knum, hvort sem notkun or\u00f0sins Doktor yfir l\u00e6kni er algeng og f\u00f3lk hefur tilhneigingu til a\u00f0 halda ranglega a\u00f0 a\u00f0eins Doktors geti fengi\u00f0 f\u00edkniefname\u00f0fer\u00f0. Engu a\u00f0 s\u00ed\u00f0ur er notkun fyrirsagna \u00ed finnsku \u00f3venjuleg og a\u00f0eins takm\u00f6rku\u00f0 vi\u00f0 mj\u00f6g n\u00e1kv\u00e6mt samhengi.<\/p>\n<p>habil). \u00deessir hlutar hafa oft veri\u00f0 kalla\u00f0ir \u201eheimspeki\u201c (nota\u00f0 sem sta\u00f0la\u00f0 hugtak yfir fr\u00e6\u00f0ilega \u00feekkingu, ekki fr\u00e6\u00f0ilegt misnotkun \u00e1 gildum), en \u00feeir eru n\u00fa flokka\u00f0ir sem hugv\u00edsindi og v\u00edsindi, samsvarandi. \u00cd gegnum \u00e1rin hefur doktorsgr\u00e1\u00f0an utan gu\u00f0fr\u00e6\u00f0i veri\u00f0 sjaldg\u00e6fari, en l\u00f6gfr\u00e6\u00f0i- og l\u00e6knisfr\u00e6\u00f0imenntun er algeng. Fyrstu doktorsgr\u00e1\u00f0urnar &#8211; \u00ed gu\u00f0fr\u00e6\u00f0i, l\u00f6gfr\u00e6\u00f0i og l\u00e6knisfr\u00e6\u00f0i &#8211; s\u00fdndu n\u00fdjan s\u00f6gulegan a\u00f0skilna\u00f0 fr\u00e1 h\u00e1sk\u00f3laranns\u00f3knum \u00e1 \u00feessum \u00feremur svi\u00f0um. N\u00fdjasta r\u00f3t hugtaksins l\u00e6knir m\u00e1 rekja til frumkirkjunnar, \u00feegar hugtaki\u00f0 \u201el\u00e6knir\u201c v\u00edsa\u00f0i til n\u00fdju postulanna, kirkjufe\u00f0ranna og annarra kristinna samf\u00e9laga sem kenndu og \u00fe\u00fdddu Bibl\u00eduna. \u00dea\u00f0 er nota\u00f0 sem \u201eDr\u201c e\u00f0a \u201eDr.\u201c sem g\u00f3\u00f0 heiti fyrir einstakling sem hefur loki\u00f0 g\u00f3\u00f0ri doktorsgr\u00e1\u00f0u (oft g\u00f3\u00f0a doktorsgr\u00e1\u00f0u).<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.allindiaexams.in\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/where-is-the-nearest-casino-with-slot-machines_05e4f8efc.jpg\" alt=\"innborgun rei\u00f0ufj\u00e1rlaus vulkan spiele\" border=\"0\" align=\"right\" style=\"padding: 0px;\"><\/p>\n<p>N\u00fdi ums\u00e6kjandi um CSc-gr\u00e1\u00f0u utan ranns\u00f3knart\u00edmabils reynir a\u00f0 f\u00e1 t\u00e6knilega sj\u00e1lfsmynd innan gamla n\u00e1msbrautarinnar sem \u00ed dag er notu\u00f0 sem svipu\u00f0 <a href=\"https:\/\/vulkan-spiele-casino.com\/is\/no-deposit-bonus\/\">innborgun rei\u00f0ufj\u00e1rlaus vulkan spiele<\/a> gr\u00e1\u00f0u en doktorsgr\u00e1\u00f0u. \u00c1ri\u00f0 2012 var tilkynnt a\u00f0 \u00feetta yr\u00f0i s\u00ed\u00f0an framlengt til a\u00f0 n\u00e1 yfir doktorsgr\u00e1\u00f0ur sem veittar eru \u00e1 N\u00fdja Sj\u00e1landi. Fyrir nemendur me\u00f0 doktorsgr\u00e1\u00f0ur fr\u00e1 r\u00edkjum utan ESB \u00fearf n\u00fdja vottunin a\u00f0 vera formlega vi\u00f0urkennd (&quot;sta\u00f0fest&quot;) af menntam\u00e1lar\u00e1\u00f0uneytinu \u00ed Bonn. \u00deeir sem eru ekki me\u00f0 doktorsgr\u00e1\u00f0ur eru r\u00e9ttilega kalla\u00f0ir &quot;Herr\/Frau Dr. _____&quot; \u00ed \u00f6llum opinberum m\u00e1lum. \u00cd \u00de\u00fdskalandi eru vins\u00e6lustu doktorsgr\u00e1\u00f0urnar Dr. med. (l\u00e6knisfr\u00e6\u00f0i), Dr. med. sj\u00fakd\u00f3mur. \u00cd \u00fe\u00fdskum l\u00f6ndum \u00fear sem dulm\u00e1l er nota\u00f0 \u00fe\u00fd\u00f0ir or\u00f0i\u00f0 Doktor fram\u00farskarandi doktorsnemi \u00ed vi\u00f0urkenndum or\u00f0um (eins og doktorsgr\u00e1\u00f0u).<\/p>\n<p>\u00deessi tegund titla er a\u00f0allega gefin til a\u00f0 hj\u00e1lpa ver\u00f0ugum klerkum vegna g\u00f3\u00f0s starf e\u00f0a annarrar afreka \u00e1 svi\u00f0i tr\u00faarlegrar og bibl\u00edulegrar menntunar. Greinin hefur veri\u00f0 endursko\u00f0u\u00f0 til a\u00f0 sj\u00e1 notkun l\u00f6gfr\u00e6\u00f0inga \u00e1 n\u00fdjasta hugtakinu \u201eer fr\u00e1b\u00e6r (me\u00f0 \u00f3lund) vi\u00f0urkennd venja \u00ed m\u00f6rgum r\u00edkjum en ekki hj\u00e1 \u00f6\u00f0rum\u201c, en \u00feeir t\u00f6ldu a\u00f0 \u00fea\u00f0 v\u00e6ri sjaldan nota\u00f0 \u00fear sem \u201e\u00fea\u00f0 \u00fe\u00fd\u00f0ir a\u00f0 \u00fe\u00fa ert l\u00edka \u00feinn eigin l\u00e6knir e\u00f0a fram\u00farskarandi doktor &#8211; og b\u00fd\u00f0ur \u00fev\u00ed upp \u00e1 falska \u00fej\u00f3nustu\u201c. Fyrir \u00e1varp (\u00fea\u00f0 er skilgreint sem \u201evenjuleg \u00e1varpsform sem eru undir \u00e1hrifum samf\u00e9lagslegra og opinberra si\u00f0a\u201c) notar NASA \u201eDr. (fullt nafn)\u201c \u00ed \u00e1varpi fyrir doktorsnema ef \u00feeir eiga l\u00e6kna notar \u00fea\u00f0 \u201e(fullt nafn), MD\u201c, hvort sem b\u00e1\u00f0ir eru kalla\u00f0ir \u201eDr. (eftirnafn)\u201c \u00ed kve\u00f0ju (sem kallast \u201e\u00f3formlegt\u201c).<\/p>\n<p>Innan Kar\u00edbahafs-enskunnar er notkun \u00e1 or\u00f0inu \u201eDr. the fresh Honourable\u201c algeng me\u00f0al stj\u00f3rnm\u00e1lamanna me\u00f0 doktorsgr\u00e1\u00f0u. \u00deessir v\u00edsu\u00f0u til d\u00e6mis til n\u00fdrra fornra eiginleika gu\u00f0fr\u00e6\u00f0i, laga og annarra me\u00f0fer\u00f0a, stundum me\u00f0 vi\u00f0b\u00e6ttu t\u00f3nlist, sem voru \u00ed raun eina doktorsgr\u00e1\u00f0urnar fram a\u00f0 19. \u00f6ld. Fyrir viki\u00f0 er n\u00fdjasta nafni\u00f0 nota\u00f0 af m\u00f6rgum s\u00e9rfr\u00e6\u00f0ingum \u00e1 \u00feessum sv\u00e6\u00f0um, svo og \u00feeim sem eru ekki venjulega me\u00f0 n\u00fdja nafni\u00f0 annars sta\u00f0ar.<\/p>\n<p>Hj\u00fakrunarfr\u00e6\u00f0ingar eru einnig \u00feekktir sem \u201ehj\u00fakrunarfr\u00e6\u00f0ingur\u201c, enfermeiro (karlkyns) e\u00f0a enfermeira (kvenkyns), n\u00fdjasta nafni\u00f0 er Enf. \u00cd Port\u00fagal, \u00ed n\u00fat\u00edmaheimi, s\u00e6kjast menn eftir n\u00e1mi me\u00f0 mikilli n\u00e1ms\u00feekkingu \u2013 en \u00ed byggingarlist og kerfum er karl kalla\u00f0ur doutor (Dr.) \u2013 karlar e\u00f0a doutora (Dra.) \u2013 konur. Hollenskar uppl\u00fdsingafyrirsagnir og stig eru l\u00f6glega \u00f6rugg, og fr\u00e1 og me\u00f0 2021 er sta\u00f0la\u00f0a \u201edr.\u201c og doktorsgr\u00e1\u00f0unin n\u00e1nast eins og \u00feau eru lesin til skiptis. \u00cd daglegu l\u00edfi eru n\u00fdju anglosaxnesku fyrirsagnirnar (age.grams. PhD) oft nota\u00f0ar. \u00de\u00e6r geta ekki veri\u00f0 b\u00e6tt vi\u00f0 skj\u00f6l (t.d. vegabr\u00e9f, leyfi \u00f6kut\u00e6kja), sem eru sjaldan settar inn \u00ed daglegt l\u00edf. A\u00f0 hafa g\u00f3\u00f0a doktorsgr\u00e1\u00f0u hefur veri\u00f0 grundvallaratri\u00f0i \u00ed g\u00f3\u00f0ri h\u00e1sk\u00f3lan\u00e1mi.<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/share.trustpilot.com\/images\/company-rating?locale=en-GB&#038;businessUnitId=4f2fd8bf000064000512b1ba\" alt=\"innborgun rei\u00f0ufj\u00e1rlaus vulkan spiele\" align=\"left\" border=\"1\" style=\"padding: 0px;\"><\/p>\n<p>A\u00f0 \u00feessi venja s\u00e9 enn vins\u00e6l og a\u00f0 nemendur eftir a\u00f0 hafa loki\u00f0 pr\u00f3fgr\u00e1\u00f0u sinni breyti venjulega einkaskj\u00f6lum s\u00ednum til a\u00f0 fr\u00e6\u00f0ilega \u00fe\u00fd\u00f0a n\u00fdjasta endann. \u00c1ri\u00f0 2008 framlengdi n\u00fdjasta or\u00f0sporsr\u00e1\u00f0herra \u00feekkingar og menningarm\u00e1la \u00ed l\u00f6ndunum \u00ed r\u00edkisstj\u00f3rn \u00de\u00fdskalands \u00e1kv\u00f6r\u00f0un s\u00edna fr\u00e1 2001 til a\u00f0 \u00e1kve\u00f0a doktorsgr\u00e1\u00f0ur fr\u00e1 Evr\u00f3pu til a\u00f0 fj\u00e1rmagna doktorsgr\u00e1\u00f0ur sem veittar voru \u00ed \u00c1stral\u00edu, \u00cdsrael, Japan, Kanada og m\u00f6rgum vestr\u00e6num h\u00e1sk\u00f3lum. Allir sem hafa g\u00f3\u00f0a doktorsgr\u00e1\u00f0u fr\u00e1 virkum Evr\u00f3pusambandsa\u00f0ildarr\u00edki reyna, fr\u00e1 \u00e1rinu 2001, r\u00e9tt til a\u00f0 rannsaka \u201eDr. annars\u201c e\u00f0a \u201eDr.\u201c \u00ed flestum opinberum, d\u00f3mst\u00f3lum og \u00fe\u00fa getur skrifa\u00f0 samskipti \u00e1n \u00feess a\u00f0 fylgja eftir. \u00c1 sama t\u00edma er bo\u00f0i\u00f0 upp \u00e1 n\u00fdja menntunargr\u00e1\u00f0una Doktor (ISCED 7) fyrir l\u00e6kna (Dr. med. univ.) og tannl\u00e6kna (Dr. med. damage.), sem \u00fe\u00f3 ekki f\u00e1 doktorsgr\u00e1\u00f0u (ISCED 8) heldur stunda \u00ed sta\u00f0inn sex m\u00e1na\u00f0a n\u00e1m (360 ECTS) \u00ed konunglegu h\u00e6sta g\u00e6\u00f0aflokki, r\u00e9tt eins og vestr\u00e6nn l\u00e6knir \u00e1n DDS.<\/p>\n<p>Skammst\u00f6funin doctorandus stendur fyrir n\u00fdjasta hollenska hugtaki\u00f0, sem kallast lat\u00edna, sem \u00fe\u00fd\u00f0ir \u201es\u00e1 sem ver\u00f0ur l\u00e6knir\u201c (kvenkyns hugtaki\u00f0 er \u00ed raun \u201edoctoranda\u201c). \u00c1 M\u00f6ltu er n\u00fdja hugtaki\u00f0 Doctor nota\u00f0 um l\u00e6kna (sem eru me\u00f0 doktorsgr\u00e1\u00f0u), l\u00e6kname\u00f0fer\u00f0ara\u00f0ila, tannl\u00e6kna og l\u00f6gfr\u00e6\u00f0inga. Samstarfsgreinar halda 5-6 \u00e1ra n\u00e1mi (eins og l\u00f6gfr\u00e6\u00f0i og l\u00e6knisfr\u00e6\u00f0i) en eru kalla\u00f0ar \u201elaurea magistrale a ciclo unico\u201c og eru heildst\u00e6\u00f0 n\u00e1msgrein. \u00dev\u00ed fylgir tveggja \u00e1ra \u201elaurea magistrale\u201c (n\u00e1nast \u201ed\u00f3mst\u00f3lan\u00e1m\u201c, svipa\u00f0 og konungsn\u00e1m). \u00c1 20. \u00f6ld komu \u00edtalskir h\u00e1sk\u00f3lar me\u00f0 fl\u00f3knari gr\u00e1\u00f0ustig, \u00fear \u00e1 me\u00f0al doktorsgr\u00e1\u00f0u. N\u00fdja hugtaki\u00f0 doc er nota\u00f0 um f\u00f3lk me\u00f0 doktorsgr\u00e1\u00f0ur og l\u00e6kna (nema skur\u00f0l\u00e6kna), tannl\u00e6kna og d\u00fdral\u00e6kna.<\/p>\n<p>N\u00fdja nafni\u00f0 \u201el\u00e6knir\u201c m\u00e1 einnig nota \u00ed Brasil\u00edu til a\u00f0 \u00e1varpa l\u00e6kna og l\u00f6gfr\u00e6\u00f0inga samkv\u00e6mt reglum fr\u00e1 keisarat\u00edmanum. \u00dear \u00e1 me\u00f0al, \u00ed d\u00f3mst\u00f3lum \u00fear sem eing\u00f6ngu ta\u00edlenska er notu\u00f0, m\u00e1 ekki nota nafni\u00f0 \u201eDr\u201c sem nafn einstaklings. Notkun \u201eDoc\u201c (\u0e14\u0e2d\u0e01\u0e40\u0e15\u0e2d\u0e23\u0e4c) e\u00f0a \u201eDr\u201c (\u0e14\u0e23.) hefur veri\u00f0 l\u00e1na\u00f0ar \u00far ensku. \u00c1 Sr\u00ed Lanka er n\u00fdjasta nafni\u00f0 \u201el\u00e6knir\u201c nota\u00f0 fyrir doktorsnema og l\u00e6kna, \u00fear \u00e1 me\u00f0al l\u00e6kna, skur\u00f0l\u00e6kna, tannl\u00e6kna og d\u00fdral\u00e6kna. \u00cd september 2025 var \u00fea\u00f0 opinberlega banna\u00f0 samkv\u00e6mt reglum stj\u00f3rns\u00fdslunnar um heilsug\u00e6slu, en b\u00f6nnunum hefur veri\u00f0 afturk\u00f6llu\u00f0 til n\u00e6sta dags. \u00cd As\u00edu eru l\u00e6knar l\u00f6glega kalla\u00f0ir \u201el\u00e6knar me\u00f0 doktorsgr\u00e1\u00f0u\u201c.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Blogg Al\u00fej\u00f3\u00f0legt fyrirt\u00e6ki Innlima fr\u00e1 v\u00edsindalegum me\u00f0fer\u00f0ara\u00f0ilum \u00ed Bretlandi og menningarlega vi\u00f0eigandi st\u00f6\u00f0um Nota\u00f0 af l\u00e6knum \u00ed Bretlandi og \u00fe\u00fa munt komast \u00ed menningarlega vi\u00f0eigandi l\u00f6nd<span class=\"excerpt-hellip\"> [\u2026]<\/span><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":5,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-25719","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-mobile"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/santaclaradmlab.com.br\/site\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/25719","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/santaclaradmlab.com.br\/site\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/santaclaradmlab.com.br\/site\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/santaclaradmlab.com.br\/site\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/5"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/santaclaradmlab.com.br\/site\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=25719"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/santaclaradmlab.com.br\/site\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/25719\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":25720,"href":"https:\/\/santaclaradmlab.com.br\/site\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/25719\/revisions\/25720"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/santaclaradmlab.com.br\/site\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=25719"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/santaclaradmlab.com.br\/site\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=25719"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/santaclaradmlab.com.br\/site\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=25719"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}